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State-of-the-Art Crystalline Technology Revolutionizes Concrete Waterproofing

Construction World – June 2006

An innovative technology is changing the way concrete structures around the world are waterproofed and repaired. Used for more than 30 years worldwide, “integral crystalline waterproofing” utilizes a chemical reaction to turn concrete into a permanent, waterproof barrier.

While conventional waterproofing involves applying a coating or membrane to the concrete surface, crystalline technology permanently seals concrete by plugging its natural pores and capillaries and blocking the movement of water. It also reacts with incoming water to self-seal the cracks that inevitably develop in concrete, protecting structures against the water and contaminants that can weaken or destroy concrete and corrode steel reinforcement.

How Does Integral Crystalline Waterproofing Work?
When added or applied to concrete, crystalline chemicals create a reaction that causes long, narrow crystals to form, filling the pores, capillaries and hairline cracks of the concrete mass. As long as moisture remains present, crystals continue to grow throughout the concrete, reaching lengths of many inches over time. Once the concrete has cured, the crystalline chemicals sit dormant until another dose of water (such as through a new crack) causes the chemical reaction to begin again.

The ability to reactivate in the presence of water gives crystalline treated concrete the ability to “self-seal”. When cracks form due to curing shrinkage, settling, seismic activity, etc., water entering through them causes new crystals to form and grow, blocking and filling the cracks. Its ability to self-seal cracks is one of crystalline technology’s most unique and useful features, and can help to dramatically reduce the long-term maintenance and repair costs of a concrete structure.

Other Benefits of Integral Crystalline Technology
Along with superior waterproofing and self-sealing properties, integral crystalline waterproofing technology offers a number of key benefits:

• Permanent solution – becomes a part of the concrete matrix so it will not crack, peel, tear or wear-away. Even against high hydrostatic pressure. Unlike externally applied membranes, which are best on the day they are 
  applied, crystalline applications become more effective with time.
• Perfect for blind-wall applications – can be added to the concrete mix or applied to the negative side of the structure (against the water pressure). There’s no need to save room outside the structure for membrane 
  application. Project teams can design a larger structural footprint and build right to the property line.
• Protect reinforcing steel – adds to the longevity of concrete structures by preventing the penetration of waterborne contaminants and chloride-laden liquids that cause the corrosion of reinforcing steel.
• Save weeks on construction schedules – can be applied to green concrete, or even added to the ready-mix truck. There is no need to wait for membrane
  application and backfilling can begin right-away.

In hot or tropical climates, integral crystalline waterproofing offers several key advantages. Hot weather can dramatically shorten concrete’s setting time, resulting in weaker concrete and enhancing the likelihood of shrinkage and cracking. Adding crystalline chemicals to the concrete mix reduces premature moisture loss, creating a more durable structure and reducing shrinkage and cracking. Unlike membrane systems that become brittle and deteriorate when exposed to prolonged heat, crystalline waterproofing is unaffected by climate and remains effective for the life of the structure.

The soil in many hot or tropical climates can contain high levels of sulphates, chlorides and other chemicals that decrease concrete’s integrity and corrode steel reinforcement. By blocking the penetration of water that can carry these contaminants and safeguarding concrete and reinforcements against corrosion, crystalline technology helps to prolong a structure’s useful life.

How is Integral Crystalline Waterproofing Applied?
In the case of new concrete construction, crystalline chemicals are supplied as a dry powder comprised of Portland cement, silica sand and special chemicals. This powder can simply be added to the concrete mixture at the plant to create a powerful moisture barrier in slabs, walls and construction joints. There is no need for any sort of surface application at the construction site.

Can Integral Crystalline Waterproofing Be Used in Existing Concrete Structures?
Absolutely. A number of manufacturers produce surface-applied formulas that can be brushed onto existing concrete structures to repair existing cracks, fortify and waterproof concrete and protect against contamination and steel reinforcement corrosion. The best systems may be applied on the negative side of the concrete against the water pressure where access to outside walls may be difficult or impossible. This allows concrete to be repaired without digging up the perimeter, destroying landscaping and incurring extra cost.

When applied to existing concrete, crystalline chemicals are absorbed into the concrete by capillary action (the natural wicking movement of liquids through a porous structure) and diffusion (the natural movement of chemical molecules.) Once inside the concrete, crystalline chemicals begin growing crystals and filling the spaces between concrete particles. The majority of active crystalline chemicals migrate into the concrete within the first 28 days, meaning the surface applied system can be completely removed from the surface after this time without impacting its waterproofing properties.

What About Concrete Joints?
In building a concrete structure, extra care must be taken when waterproofing construction joints, since these areas are most vulnerable to cracks and leakage. Historically, the best option for waterproofing joints was to place a PVC barrier or bentonite strip into the joint before an adjoining wall was poured. However, this method is unpredictable at best because physical barriers easily become dislodged or damaged during subsequent concrete pours, rendering them ineffective and leaving joints susceptible to leakage.

Some manufacturers offer special crystalline waterstop systems that replace conventional waterstops, cost less and are easier to install. When used with the appropriate crystalline waterproofing system for new or existing concrete, crystalline waterstop systems help ensure that a structure is truly watertight. And crystalline waterstops are one of the few systems that can be retrofitted into existing joints should the original waterstop method fail or deteriorate.

Selecting a Quality Integral Crystalline Waterproofing System
A number of companies, including Kryton International, offer integral crystalline waterproofing systems, featuring products for new and existing concrete structures and joints. When selecting an Integral Crystalline Waterproofing system, it’s important not to confuse true crystalline products with those that are simply concrete densifiers or pore blockers. Be wary also of products that claim to grow crystals but really only crystallize as they dry – these products will not permeate the concrete, nor will they reactivate in the presence of water to fill cracks. Ask whether the product you are considering contains silicates, stearates, or talc – these offer temporary waterproofing at best. And be sure your manufacturer offers a long-term warranty on all crystalline products.

Though originally received with skepticism, integral crystalline waterproofing has been repeatedly and successfully tested and used in virtually every country around the world. Over the past few decades, crystalline technology has been embraced by the construction industry as a superior replacement for conventional membranes, offering time and cost savings and flexibility that are simply unmatched by traditional waterproofing methods.

Leo Connell is the Director of Marketing at Kryton International Inc., in Vancouver, Canada. For more information about Kryton International or integral crystalline waterproofing, visit

www.kryton.com. 
– By Leo Connell